Practice set Having conquered almost the entire Europe, except Britain Germany attacked the Soviet Union, despite the Non-Aggression Pact, on 22 June 1941. As mentioned before, Hitler had always coveted the vast territory and resources of the Soviet Union. He thought that the destruction of the Soviet Union would take about eight weeks. Hitler had grossly underestimated the strength of the Soviet Union. In the first phase of the war with the Soviet Union, Germany, achieved significant victories Vast areas of the Soviet Union ware devastated, Leningrad was besieged and German troops were marching towards Moscow. However, in spite of the initial German successes, the German onslaught was halted. The Soviet Union had built up her industrial and military strength. She resisted the German invasion heroically and the German hopes of a quick victory were thwarted. With the German invasion of the Soviet Union, a new vast theater of war had been opened. An important development that follo...
All shorthand rules in brief.
➡️শর্টহ্যান্ড উচ্চারনের উপর ভিত্তি করে লেখা হয়।
➡️consonant এর উচ্চারণ গুলি হল -💠 P, B,T,CH, J, K, G
💠F, V, TH (ith, thee), S, Z, SH,ZH
💠M,N,NG, L, R,H,W,Y
➡️Vowel এর উচ্চারণগুলি হল -
💠আ এ ই
💠অ ও উ
➡️1st ও 2nd place Vowel গুলি লেখার ক্ষেত্রে প্রথম Stroke এর পারে লেখা হয় ৷ 3rd place এর Vowel গুলি 2nd Stroke এর আগে একেবারে শেষে লেখা হয় ৷
➡️R-এর পূর্বে Vowel Sound থাকলে Downward R ব্যবহার করা হয়৷
➡️শব্দের সবশেষে R থাকে ও তার পূর্বে Vowel Sound থাকলে সাধারণত Up Ward R ব্যবহার করা হয় ৷
➡️M এর পরে সর্বদা Downward R ব্যবহার করা হয়৷
➡️H-এর পারে K ও G থাকলে বা শব্দটি Standalone হলে Downward H ব্যবহার করা হয়৷
➡️দুটি Vowel একসঙ্গে উচ্চারিত হলে তাকে Dipthong বলে ৷
আই ( I ) অই ( Ol) আও (OW ) ইউ (U)
➡️Dipthong চিহ্নটি Consonant stroke এর সাথে যোগ করা যায় ৷
➡️তিনটি Vowel একসঙ্গে উচ্চারিত হলে তাকে TriPhone বলে এক্ষেত্রে Dipthong চিহের সাথে একটি ছোট Tick যোগ করা হয় ৷
➡️K,G, M, R এর পূর্বে W Sound বোঝানোর জন্য Right Semi circle ব্যবহার করা হয় ৷
➡️একাধিক শব্দ একসঙ্গে লেখা হলে তাকে Phraseography বলে ৷
➡️অনেক ক্ষেত্রে S ও Z ঝোঝানোর জন্য small cirele ব্যবহার করা হয় ৷
💠Curve Stroke থাকলে Curve এর ভিতরের দিকে লেখা হয়।
💠দুটি Straight Stroke থাকলে Stroke এর কোনের বাইরে লেখা হয় ৷
💠Straight Stroke কোনো Angle তৈরী না করলে Left Motion এ লেখা হয়।
💠শব্দের একেবারে প্রথমে বা একেবারে শেষে কোনো Vowel Sound থাকলে ' S ' এর Stroke ব্যবহার করা হয় ৷
💠s-এর ঠিক পরেই Triphone থাকলে S এর Stroke ব্যবহার করা হয়৷
💠s-এর ঠিক পরেই কোনো Vowel বা S বা Z থাকলে Stroke ব্যবহার করা হয়৷
💠_ 'Ous ' syllable একেবারে শেষে থাকলে তার আগে Dipthong Sound থাকলে ' s' এর Stroke ব্যবহার করা হয় ৷
➡️শব্দের শুরুতে SW বোঝানোর জন্য Large cirele ব্যবহার করা হয়৷
➡️শব্দের মাঝে SS বোঝানোর জন্য Large circle ব্যবহার করা হয়৷
Rules in English
1. FIRST-PLACE and SECOND-PLACE vowel-signs when occurring between two strokes are written after the first stroke; THIRD-PLACE vowel-signs are written before the second stroke.
2. The position of an outline is governed by the first sounded vowel in the word.
3. A grammalogue is a frequently-occurring represented by a single sign. The sign for a grammalogue is called a logogram. word
4. The full stop is indicated by a small cross, x; the dash by; mark of interrogation and mark of exclamation by and respectively. ļ
5. Two short lines underneath an outline indicate an initial capital.
DIPHTHONGS.
6. The four diphthongs are i, ow, oi, û.
7. The diphthongs i and oi are put in the first vowelplace; and ow and û in the third vowel-place. 8. A diphthong may be joined to a stroke where convenient.
9. A small tick attached to a diphthong-sign indicates the addition of a vowel to the diphthong.
10. Initial w before k, g, m, r, is represented by a right semicircle.
11. Phraseography is the name given to the principle of joining word-forms together. The outline thus obtained is called a phraseogram
12. The following must be carefully noted(a) Awkward joinings must be avoided. (b) The first word-form in a phraseogram must occupy its own position. A first-position wordform may, however, be raised or lowered to permit of a following stroke being written above, on or through the line.
13. The word the may be expressed by a light slanting tick joined to a preceding character and written either downward or upward. The tick for the is never used initially.
14. A small circle used initially represents s only; medially and finally it represents s or z. 2. The circles is written outside angles, inside curves, and with the left motion to straight strokes not forming an angle.
15. An initial circle is always read first; a final circle is always read last.
16. The stroke , immediately preceding or following a circle attached to a curve, is written in the same direction as the circle.
17. The circle s may be added to stroke logograms.
18. The stroke s or z must be written
a. When a vowel precedes initial s or follows final s or z.
b. When initial s is immediately followed by a vowel and another s or z.
c. When initials is immediately followed by a triphone.
d. When the final syllable -ous is preceded by a diphthong.
e. When the word is a compound like sea-mew, saw-bench.
f. When the word is a derivative like unceasing, unassailed, where the stroke would be written in the root word.
19. A large initialcircle represents sw.
20. A large medial or final circle represents the light or heavy sound of s-s with an intervening vowel.
21. Where a root word ends with stroke s, the plural, possessive, or third person singular is formed by the addition of the circle s.
22. Where a root word ends with a circle s, the plural, possessive, or the third person singular is formed by the use of the large circle ses.
23. A few words ending in s-s are written with the circle and stroke, or with the stroke and circle, to distinguish them from words in which the large circle is employed.
24. The sw circle is used in phrases like as well as, as we know; and the ss circle in phrases like it is said, in this city.
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