Practice set Having conquered almost the entire Europe, except Britain Germany attacked the Soviet Union, despite the Non-Aggression Pact, on 22 June 1941. As mentioned before, Hitler had always coveted the vast territory and resources of the Soviet Union. He thought that the destruction of the Soviet Union would take about eight weeks. Hitler had grossly underestimated the strength of the Soviet Union. In the first phase of the war with the Soviet Union, Germany, achieved significant victories Vast areas of the Soviet Union ware devastated, Leningrad was besieged and German troops were marching towards Moscow. However, in spite of the initial German successes, the German onslaught was halted. The Soviet Union had built up her industrial and military strength. She resisted the German invasion heroically and the German hopes of a quick victory were thwarted. With the German invasion of the Soviet Union, a new vast theater of war had been opened. An important development that follo...
Revision of rules
1. There are six long vowels, represented by a heavy dot and dash, and six corresponding short vowels, represented by a light dot and dash.
2. The vowels are called first-place, second-place, and third-place vowels, respectively.
3. The vowel-places are called first-, second-, and third places respectively, and vowel-signs are put in the places which correspond with their numbers.
4. Vowel-places are counted from the point at which the stroke begins.
5. The order of reading vowel-signs with their strokes is: with downstrokes and upstrokes, from left to right; with horizontal strokes, from top to bottom. Thus:
before \ after
before ן after
before ／after
6. In writing a word, the word-form is written first and then the vowel-sign.
Summary
7. FIRST-PLACE and SECOND-PLACE Vowel-signs when occurring between two strokes are written after the first stroke; THIRD-PLACE Vowel-signs are written before the second stroke.
8.The position of an outline is governed by the first sounded vowel in the word.
9. A grammalogue is a frequently-occurring word represented by a single sign. The sign for a grammalogue is called a logogram.
10. The full stop is indicated by a small cross, x; the dash by; mark of interrogation and mark of exclamation by? and respectively.
11. Two short lines underneath an outline indicate an initial capital.
12.The consonant r initially is written downward if a vowel precedes, and upward if a vowel does not precede.
13. The consonant r finally is written upward if a vowel follows, and downward if no vowel follows. Downward is written before m.
14. The consonant h standing alone, or followed by k or g, is written downward; in other cases the upward form is written.
15.The four diphthongs are i, ow, oi, û. The diphthongs i and oi are put in the first vowel place; and ow and u in the third vowel-place.
16. A diphthong may be joined to a stroke where convenient. A small tick attached to a diphthong-sign indicates the addition of a vowel to the diphthong.
17. Initial w before k, g, m, r, is represented by a right semicircle.
18. Phraseography is the name given to the principle of joining word-forms together. The outline thus obtained is called a phraseogram.
19. The following must be carefully noted
(a) Awkward joinings must be avoided.
(b) The first word-form in a phraseogram must occupy its own position. A first-position word form may, however, be raised or lowered to permit of a following stroke being written above, on or through the line.
20. The word the may be expressed by a light slanting tick joined to a preceding character and written either downward or upward. The tick for the is never used initially.
21. A small circle used initially represents s only; medially and finally it represents s or z.
22. The circle s is written outside angles, inside curves, and with the left motion to straight strokes not forming an angle.
23. An initial circle is always read first; a final circle is always read last.
24. The stroke l, immediately preceding or following a circle attached to a curve, is written in the same direction as the circle.
25. The circle s may be added to stroke logograms.
26. A large initial circle represents sw.
26. A large medial or final circle represents the light or heavy sound of s-s with an intervening vowel.
27. Where a root word ends with stroke s, the plural, possessive, or third person singular is formed by the addition of the circle s.
28. Where a root word ends with a circles, the plural, possessive, or the third person singular is formed by the use of the large circle ses.
29. A few words ending in s-s are written with the circle and stroke, or with the stroke and circle, to distinguish them from words in which the large circle is employed.
30. The sw circle is used in phrases like as well as, as we know; and the ss circle in phrases like it is said, in this city.
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